libnfc/utils/nfc-mfclassic.c

/*-
 * Free/Libre Near Field Communication (NFC) library
 *
 * Libnfc historical contributors:
 * Copyright (C) 2009      Roel Verdult
 * Copyright (C) 2009-2013 Romuald Conty
 * Copyright (C) 2010-2012 Romain Tartière
 * Copyright (C) 2010-2013 Philippe Teuwen
 * Copyright (C) 2012-2013 Ludovic Rousseau
 * See AUTHORS file for a more comprehensive list of contributors.
 * Additional contributors of this file:
 * Copyright (C) 2011-2013 Adam Laurie
 * Copyright (C) 2018-2019 Danielle Bruneo
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
 *  1) Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
 *  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *  2 )Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *  notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *  documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
 * AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE
 * LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
 * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
 * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
 * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 * Note that this license only applies on the examples, NFC library itself is under LGPL
 *
 */

/**
 * @file nfc-mfclassic.c
 * @brief MIFARE Classic manipulation example
 */

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#  include "config.h"
#endif // HAVE_CONFIG_H

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdbool.h>

#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

#include <nfc/nfc.h>

#include "mifare.h"
#include "nfc-utils.h"

static nfc_context *context;
static nfc_device *pnd;
static nfc_target nt;
static mifare_param mp;
static mifare_classic_tag mtKeys;
static mifare_classic_tag mtDump;
static bool bUseKeyA;
static bool bUseKeyFile;
static bool bForceKeyFile;
static bool bTolerateFailures;
static bool bFormatCard;
static bool magic2 = false;
static bool magic3 = false;
static bool unlocked = false;
static uint8_t uiBlocks;
static uint8_t keys[] = {
  0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff,
  0xd3, 0xf7, 0xd3, 0xf7, 0xd3, 0xf7,
  0xa0, 0xa1, 0xa2, 0xa3, 0xa4, 0xa5,
  0xb0, 0xb1, 0xb2, 0xb3, 0xb4, 0xb5,
  0x4d, 0x3a, 0x99, 0xc3, 0x51, 0xdd,
  0x1a, 0x98, 0x2c, 0x7e, 0x45, 0x9a,
  0xaa, 0xbb, 0xcc, 0xdd, 0xee, 0xff,
  0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
  0xab, 0xcd, 0xef, 0x12, 0x34, 0x56
};
static uint8_t default_key[] = {0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff, 0xff};
static uint8_t default_acl[] = {0xff, 0x07, 0x80, 0x69};

static const nfc_modulation nmMifare = {
  .nmt = NMT_ISO14443A,
  .nbr = NBR_106,
};

static size_t num_keys = sizeof(keys) / 6;

#define MAX_FRAME_LEN 264

static uint8_t abtRx[MAX_FRAME_LEN];
static int szRxBits;

uint8_t abtHalt[4] = { 0x50, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00 };

// special unlock command
uint8_t abtUnlock1[1] = { 0x40 };
uint8_t abtUnlock2[1] = { 0x43 };

static bool
transmit_bits(const uint8_t *pbtTx, const size_t szTxBits)
{
  // Show transmitted command
  printf("Sent bits:     ");
  print_hex_bits(pbtTx, szTxBits);
  // Transmit the bit frame command, we don't use the arbitrary parity feature
  if ((szRxBits = nfc_initiator_transceive_bits(pnd, pbtTx, szTxBits, NULL, abtRx, sizeof(abtRx), NULL)) < 0)
    return false;

  // Show received answer
  printf("Received bits: ");
  print_hex_bits(abtRx, szRxBits);
  // Succesful transfer
  return true;
}


static bool
transmit_bytes(const uint8_t *pbtTx, const size_t szTx)
{
  // Show transmitted command
  printf("Sent bits:     ");
  print_hex(pbtTx, szTx);
  // Transmit the command bytes
  int res;
  if ((res = nfc_initiator_transceive_bytes(pnd, pbtTx, szTx, abtRx, sizeof(abtRx), 0)) < 0)
    return false;

  // Show received answer
  printf("Received bits: ");
  print_hex(abtRx, res);
  // Succesful transfer
  return true;
}

static void
print_success_or_failure(bool bFailure, uint32_t *uiBlockCounter)
{
  printf("%c", (bFailure) ? 'x' : '.');
  if (uiBlockCounter && !bFailure)
    *uiBlockCounter += 1;
}

static bool
is_first_block(uint32_t uiBlock)
{
  // Test if we are in the small or big sectors
  if (uiBlock < 128)
    return ((uiBlock) % 4 == 0);
  else
    return ((uiBlock) % 16 == 0);
}

static bool
is_trailer_block(uint32_t uiBlock)
{
  // Test if we are in the small or big sectors
  if (uiBlock < 128)
    return ((uiBlock + 1) % 4 == 0);
  else
    return ((uiBlock + 1) % 16 == 0);
}

static uint32_t
get_trailer_block(uint32_t uiFirstBlock)
{
  // Test if we are in the small or big sectors
  uint32_t trailer_block = 0;
  if (uiFirstBlock < 128) {
    trailer_block = uiFirstBlock + (3 - (uiFirstBlock % 4));
  } else {
    trailer_block = uiFirstBlock + (15 - (uiFirstBlock % 16));
  }
  return trailer_block;
}

static bool
authenticate(uint32_t uiBlock)
{
  mifare_cmd mc;

  // Set the authentication information (uid)
  memcpy(mp.mpa.abtAuthUid, nt.nti.nai.abtUid + nt.nti.nai.szUidLen - 4, 4);

  // Should we use key A or B?
  mc = (bUseKeyA) ? MC_AUTH_A : MC_AUTH_B;

  // Key file authentication.
  if (bUseKeyFile) {

    // Locate the trailer (with the keys) used for this sector
    uint32_t uiTrailerBlock;
    uiTrailerBlock = get_trailer_block(uiBlock);

    // Extract the right key from dump file
    if (bUseKeyA)
      memcpy(mp.mpa.abtKey, mtKeys.amb[uiTrailerBlock].mbt.abtKeyA, sizeof(mp.mpa.abtKey));
    else
      memcpy(mp.mpa.abtKey, mtKeys.amb[uiTrailerBlock].mbt.abtKeyB, sizeof(mp.mpa.abtKey));

    // Try to authenticate for the current sector
    if (nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(pnd, mc, uiBlock, &mp))
      return true;

  } else if (magic3) {
    //If it's a One Time Write card, we're gonna authenticate with the default keys
    memcpy(mp.mpa.abtKey, default_key, sizeof(default_key));


    // Try to authenticate for the current sector
    if (nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(pnd, mc, uiBlock, &mp)) {
      return true;
    }
    // If formatting or not using key file, try to guess the right key
  } else if (bFormatCard || !bUseKeyFile) {
    for (size_t key_index = 0; key_index < num_keys; key_index++) {
      memcpy(mp.mpa.abtKey, keys + (key_index * 6), 6);
      if (nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(pnd, mc, uiBlock, &mp)) {
        if (bUseKeyA)
          memcpy(mtKeys.amb[uiBlock].mbt.abtKeyA, &mp.mpa.abtKey, sizeof(mtKeys.amb[uiBlock].mbt.abtKeyA));
        else
          memcpy(mtKeys.amb[uiBlock].mbt.abtKeyB, &mp.mpa.abtKey, sizeof(mtKeys.amb[uiBlock].mbt.abtKeyB));
        return true;
      }
      if (nfc_initiator_select_passive_target(pnd, nmMifare, nt.nti.nai.abtUid, nt.nti.nai.szUidLen, NULL) <= 0) {
        ERR("tag was removed");
        return false;
      }
    }
  }

  return false;
}

static bool
unlock_card(void)
{
  // Configure the CRC
  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool(pnd, NP_HANDLE_CRC, false) < 0) {
    nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_configure");
    return false;
  }
  // Use raw send/receive methods
  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool(pnd, NP_EASY_FRAMING, false) < 0) {
    nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_configure");
    return false;
  }

  iso14443a_crc_append(abtHalt, 2);
  transmit_bytes(abtHalt, 4);
  // now send unlock
  if (!transmit_bits(abtUnlock1, 7)) {
    printf("Warning: Unlock command [1/2]: failed / not acknowledged.\n");
  } else {
    if (transmit_bytes(abtUnlock2, 1)) {
      printf("Card unlocked\n");
      unlocked = true;
    } else {
      printf("Warning: Unlock command [2/2]: failed / not acknowledged.\n");
    }
  }

  // reset reader
  // Configure the CRC
  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool(pnd, NP_HANDLE_CRC, true) < 0) {
    nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_device_set_property_bool");
    return false;
  }
  // Switch off raw send/receive methods
  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool(pnd, NP_EASY_FRAMING, true) < 0) {
    nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_device_set_property_bool");
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

static int
get_rats(void)
{
  int res;
  uint8_t abtRats[2] = { 0xe0, 0x50};
  // Use raw send/receive methods
  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool(pnd, NP_EASY_FRAMING, false) < 0) {
    nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_configure");
    return -1;
  }
  res = nfc_initiator_transceive_bytes(pnd, abtRats, sizeof(abtRats), abtRx, sizeof(abtRx), 0);
  if (res > 0) {
    // ISO14443-4 card, turn RF field off/on to access ISO14443-3 again
    if (nfc_device_set_property_bool(pnd, NP_ACTIVATE_FIELD, false) < 0) {
      nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_configure");
      return -1;
    }
    if (nfc_device_set_property_bool(pnd, NP_ACTIVATE_FIELD, true) < 0) {
      nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_configure");
      return -1;
    }
  }
  // Reselect tag
  if (nfc_initiator_select_passive_target(pnd, nmMifare, NULL, 0, &nt) <= 0) {
    printf("Error: tag disappeared\n");
    nfc_close(pnd);
    nfc_exit(context);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  return res;
}

static bool
read_card(int read_unlocked)
{
  int32_t iBlock;
  bool bFailure = false;
  uint32_t uiReadBlocks = 0;

  if (read_unlocked) {
    //If the user is attempting an unlocked read, but has a direct-write type magic card, they don't
    //need to use the R mode. We'll trigger a warning and let them proceed.
    if (magic2 || magic3) {
      printf("Note: This card does not require an unlocked read (R) \n");
      read_unlocked = 0;
    } else {
      //If User has requested an unlocked read, but we're unable to unlock the card, we'll error out.
      if (!unlock_card()) {
        return false;
      }
    }
  }

  printf("Reading out %d blocks |", uiBlocks + 1);
  // Read the card from end to begin
  for (iBlock = uiBlocks; iBlock >= 0; iBlock--) {
    // Authenticate everytime we reach a trailer block
    if (is_trailer_block(iBlock)) {
      if (bFailure) {
        // When a failure occured we need to redo the anti-collision
        if (nfc_initiator_select_passive_target(pnd, nmMifare, NULL, 0, &nt) <= 0) {
          printf("!\nError: tag was removed\n");
          return false;
        }
        bFailure = false;
      }

      fflush(stdout);

      // Try to authenticate for the current sector
      if (!read_unlocked && !authenticate(iBlock)) {
        printf("!\nError: authentication failed for block 0x%02x\n", iBlock);
        return false;
      }
      // Try to read out the trailer
      if (nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(pnd, MC_READ, iBlock, &mp)) {
        if (read_unlocked) {
          memcpy(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbd.abtData, mp.mpd.abtData, sizeof(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbd.abtData));
        } else {
          //If we're using a One Time Write ('Magic 3') Badge - we'll use default keys + ACL
          if (magic3) {
            memcpy(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbt.abtKeyA, default_key, sizeof(default_key));
            memcpy(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbt.abtAccessBits, mp.mpt.abtAccessBits, sizeof(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbt.abtAccessBits));
            memcpy(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbt.abtKeyB, default_key, sizeof(default_key));
          } else {
            // Copy the keys over from our key dump and store the retrieved access bits
            memcpy(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbt.abtKeyA, mtKeys.amb[iBlock].mbt.abtKeyA, sizeof(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbt.abtKeyA));
            memcpy(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbt.abtAccessBits, mp.mpt.abtAccessBits, sizeof(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbt.abtAccessBits));
            memcpy(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbt.abtKeyB, mtKeys.amb[iBlock].mbt.abtKeyB, sizeof(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbt.abtKeyB));
          }
        }
      } else {
        printf("!\nfailed to read trailer block 0x%02x\n", iBlock);
        bFailure = true;
      }
    } else {
      // Make sure a earlier readout did not fail
      if (!bFailure) {
        // Try to read out the data block
        if (nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(pnd, MC_READ, iBlock, &mp)) {
          memcpy(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbd.abtData, mp.mpd.abtData, sizeof(mtDump.amb[iBlock].mbd.abtData));
        } else {
          printf("!\nError: unable to read block 0x%02x\n", iBlock);
          bFailure = true;
        }
      }
    }
    // Show if the readout went well for each block
    print_success_or_failure(bFailure, &uiReadBlocks);
    if ((!bTolerateFailures) && bFailure)
      return false;
  }
  printf("|\n");
  printf("Done, %d of %d blocks read.\n", uiReadBlocks, uiBlocks + 1);
  fflush(stdout);

  return true;
}

static bool
write_card(int write_block_zero)
{
  uint32_t uiBlock;
  bool bFailure = false;
  uint32_t uiWriteBlocks = 0;

  //Determine if we have to unlock the card
  if (write_block_zero) {
    if (!magic2 && !magic3) {
      if (!unlock_card()) {
        return false;
      }
    }
  }

  printf("Writing %d blocks |", uiBlocks + write_block_zero);
  // Completely write the card, but skipping block 0
  for (uiBlock = 1; uiBlock <= uiBlocks; uiBlock++) {
    // Authenticate everytime we reach the first sector of a new block
    if (uiBlock == 1 || is_first_block(uiBlock)) {
      if (bFailure) {
        // When a failure occured we need to redo the anti-collision
        if (nfc_initiator_select_passive_target(pnd, nmMifare, NULL, 0, &nt) <= 0) {
          printf("!\nError: tag was removed\n");
          return false;
        }
        bFailure = false;
      }

      fflush(stdout);

      // Try to authenticate for the current sector
      // If we are are writing to a chinese magic card, we've already unlocked
      // If we're writing to a One Time Write card, we need to authenticate
      // If we're writing something else, we'll need to authenticate
      if ((write_block_zero && magic3) || !write_block_zero) {
        if (!authenticate(uiBlock) && !bTolerateFailures) {
          printf("!\nError: authentication failed for block %02x\n", uiBlock);
          return false;
        }
      }
    }

      if (is_trailer_block(uiBlock)) {
        if (bFormatCard) {
          // Copy the default key and reset the access bits
          memcpy(mp.mpt.abtKeyA, default_key, sizeof(mp.mpt.abtKeyA));
          memcpy(mp.mpt.abtAccessBits, default_acl, sizeof(mp.mpt.abtAccessBits));
          memcpy(mp.mpt.abtKeyB, default_key, sizeof(mp.mpt.abtKeyB));
        } else {
          // Copy the keys over from our key dump and store the retrieved access bits
          memcpy(mp.mpt.abtKeyA, mtDump.amb[uiBlock].mbt.abtKeyA, sizeof(mp.mpt.abtKeyA));
          memcpy(mp.mpt.abtAccessBits, mtDump.amb[uiBlock].mbt.abtAccessBits, sizeof(mp.mpt.abtAccessBits));
          memcpy(mp.mpt.abtKeyB, mtDump.amb[uiBlock].mbt.abtKeyB, sizeof(mp.mpt.abtKeyB));
        }

        // Try to write the trailer
        if (nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(pnd, MC_WRITE, uiBlock, &mp) == false) {
          printf("failed to write trailer block %d \n", uiBlock);
          bFailure = true;
        }
      } else {
        // Make sure a earlier write did not fail
        if (!bFailure) {
          // Try to write the data block
          if (bFormatCard && uiBlock)

            memset(mp.mpd.abtData, 0x00, sizeof(mp.mpd.abtData));
          else
            memcpy(mp.mpd.abtData, mtDump.amb[uiBlock].mbd.abtData, sizeof(mp.mpd.abtData));
          if (!nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(pnd, MC_WRITE, uiBlock, &mp)) {
            bFailure = true;
            printf("Failure to write to data block %i\n", uiBlock);
          }

        } else {
          printf("Failure during write process.\n");
        }
      }
    //}
    // Show if the write went well for each block
    print_success_or_failure(bFailure, &uiWriteBlocks);
    if ((! bTolerateFailures) && bFailure)
      return false;
  }

  //Write Block 0 if requested to do so
  if (write_block_zero) {
    uiBlock = 0;
    is_first_block(0);
    if (bFailure) {
        // When a failure occured we need to redo the anti-collision
        if (nfc_initiator_select_passive_target(pnd, nmMifare, NULL, 0, &nt) <= 0) {
            printf("!\nError: tag was removed\n");
            return false;
        }
        bFailure = false;
    }

        fflush(stdout);
        // Try to authenticate for the current sector
        // If we are are writing to a chinese magic card, we've already unlocked
        // If we're writing to a One Time Write, we need to authenticate
        // If we're writing something else, we'll need to authenticate
        if ((write_block_zero && magic3) || !write_block_zero) {
          if (!authenticate(0) && !bTolerateFailures) {
            printf("!\nError: authentication failed for block 00\n");
            return false;
          }
        }

      // Make sure a earlier write did not fail
      if (!bFailure) {
        // Try to write the data block
        if (bFormatCard && uiBlock)
          memset(mp.mpd.abtData, 0x00, sizeof(mp.mpd.abtData));
        else
          memcpy(mp.mpd.abtData, mtDump.amb[uiBlock].mbd.abtData, sizeof(mp.mpd.abtData));
        // do not write a block 0 with incorrect BCC - card will be made invalid!
          if ((mp.mpd.abtData[0] ^ mp.mpd.abtData[1] ^ mp.mpd.abtData[2] ^ mp.mpd.abtData[3] ^ mp.mpd.abtData[4]) != 0x00 && !magic2) {
            printf("!\nError: incorrect BCC in MFD file!\n");
            printf("Expecting BCC=%02X\n", mp.mpd.abtData[0] ^ mp.mpd.abtData[1] ^ mp.mpd.abtData[2] ^ mp.mpd.abtData[3]);
            return false;
          }
        if (!nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(pnd, MC_WRITE, uiBlock, &mp)) {
          bFailure = true;
          printf("Failure to write to data block 0\n");
        }

      } else {
        printf("Failure during write process.\n");
      }

      // Show if the write went well for block 0
      print_success_or_failure(bFailure, &uiWriteBlocks);
      if ((! bTolerateFailures) && bFailure)
        return false;

    }

  printf("|\n");
  printf("Done, %d of %d blocks written.\n", uiWriteBlocks, uiBlocks + 1);
  fflush(stdout);

  return true;
}

typedef enum {
  ACTION_READ,
  ACTION_WRITE,
  ACTION_USAGE
} action_t;

static void
print_usage(const char *pcProgramName)
{
  printf("Usage: ");
  printf("%s f|r|R|w|W a|b u|U<01ab23cd> <dump.mfd> [<keys.mfd> [f]]\n", pcProgramName);
  printf("  f|r|R|w|W     - Perform format (f) or read from (r) or unlocked read from (R) or write to (w) or unlocked write to (W) card\n");
  printf("                  *** format will reset all keys to FFFFFFFFFFFF and all data to 00 and all ACLs to default\n");
  printf("                  *** unlocked read does not require authentication and will reveal A and B keys\n");
  printf("                  *** note that unlocked write will attempt to overwrite block 0 including UID\n");
  printf("                  *** unlocking only works with special Mifare 1K cards (Chinese clones)\n");
  printf("  a|A|b|B       - Use A or B keys for action; Halt on errors (a|b) or tolerate errors (A|B)\n");
  printf("  u|U           - Use any (u) uid or supply a uid specifically as U01ab23cd.\n");
  printf("  <dump.mfd>    - MiFare Dump (MFD) used to write (card to MFD) or (MFD to card)\n");
  printf("  <keys.mfd>    - MiFare Dump (MFD) that contain the keys (optional)\n");
  printf("  f             - Force using the keyfile even if UID does not match (optional)\n");

  printf("Examples: \n\n");
  printf("  Read card to file, using key A:\n\n");
  printf("    %s r a u mycard.mfd\n\n", pcProgramName);
  printf("  Write file to blank card, using key A:\n\n");
  printf("    %s w a u mycard.mfd\n\n", pcProgramName);
  printf("  Write new data and/or keys to previously written card, using key A:\n\n");
  printf("    %s w a u newdata.mfd mycard.mfd\n\n", pcProgramName);
  printf("  Format/wipe card (note two passes required to ensure writes for all ACL cases):\n\n");
  printf("    %s f A u dummy.mfd keyfile.mfd f\n", pcProgramName);
  printf("    %s f B u dummy.mfd keyfile.mfd f\n\n", pcProgramName);
  printf("  Read card to file, using key A and uid 0x01 0xab 0x23 0xcd:\n\n");
  printf("    %s r a U01ab23cd mycard.mfd\n\n", pcProgramName);
}


static bool is_directwrite(bool test_write)
{
  printf("Checking if Badge is DirectWrite...\n");

  // Set default keys
  memcpy(mtDump.amb[0].mbt.abtKeyA, default_key, sizeof(default_key));
  memcpy(mtDump.amb[0].mbt.abtAccessBits, default_acl, sizeof(mp.mpt.abtAccessBits));
  memcpy(mtDump.amb[0].mbt.abtKeyB, default_key, sizeof(default_key));

  // Temporarly override bUseKeyFile
  bool orig_bUseKeyFile = bUseKeyFile;
  bUseKeyFile = false;
  // Try to authenticate for the current sector
  if (!authenticate(0)) {
    printf("!\nError: authentication failed for block 0x%02x\n", 0);
    bUseKeyFile = orig_bUseKeyFile;
    return false;
  }
  // restore bUseKeyFile
  bUseKeyFile = orig_bUseKeyFile;

  // Try to read block 0
  uint8_t original_b0[16];
  if (nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(pnd, MC_READ, 0, &mp)) {
    memcpy(original_b0, mp.mpd.abtData, sizeof(mp.mpd.abtData));
    printf(" Original Block 0: ");
    for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
      printf("%02x", original_b0[i]);
    }
    printf("\n");
    printf(" Original UID: %02x%02x%02x%02x\n",
           original_b0[0], original_b0[1], original_b0[2], original_b0[3]);
  } else {
    printf("!\nError: unable to read block 0x%02x\n", 0);
    return false;
  }

  if(!test_write)
    return true;

  printf(" Attempt to write Block 0 ...\n");
  memcpy(mp.mpd.abtData, original_b0, sizeof(original_b0));
  if (!nfc_initiator_mifare_cmd(pnd, MC_WRITE, 0, &mp)) {
    printf("Failure to write to data block %i\n", 0);
    return false;
  }
  printf(" Block 0 written successfully\n");

  return true;
}

int
main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
  action_t atAction = ACTION_USAGE;
  uint8_t *pbtUID;
  uint8_t _tag_uid[4];
  uint8_t *tag_uid = _tag_uid;

  int    unlock = 0;

  if (argc < 2) {
    print_usage(argv[0]);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  const char *command = argv[1];

  if (argc < 5) {
    print_usage(argv[0]);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  if (strcmp(command, "r") == 0 || strcmp(command, "R") == 0) {
    atAction = ACTION_READ;
    if (strcmp(command, "R") == 0)
      unlock = 1;
    bUseKeyA = tolower((int)((unsigned char) * (argv[2]))) == 'a';
    bTolerateFailures = tolower((int)((unsigned char) * (argv[2]))) != (int)((unsigned char) * (argv[2]));
    bUseKeyFile = (argc > 5);
    bForceKeyFile = ((argc > 6) && (strcmp((char *)argv[6], "f") == 0));
  } else if (strcmp(command, "w") == 0 || strcmp(command, "W") == 0 || strcmp(command, "f") == 0) {
    atAction = ACTION_WRITE;
    if (strcmp(command, "W") == 0)
      unlock = 1;
    bFormatCard = (strcmp(command, "f") == 0);
    bUseKeyA = tolower((int)((unsigned char) * (argv[2]))) == 'a';
    bTolerateFailures = tolower((int)((unsigned char) * (argv[2]))) != (int)((unsigned char) * (argv[2]));
    bUseKeyFile = (argc > 5);
    bForceKeyFile = ((argc > 6) && (strcmp((char *)argv[6], "f") == 0));
  }
  if (argv[3][0] == 'U') {
    unsigned long int _uid;

    if (strlen(argv[3]) != 9) {
      printf("Error, illegal tag specification, use U01ab23cd for example.\n");
      print_usage(argv[0]);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    _uid = strtoul(argv[3] + 1, NULL, 16);
    tag_uid[0] = (_uid & 0xff000000UL) >> 24;
    tag_uid[1] = (_uid & 0x00ff0000UL) >> 16;
    tag_uid[2] = (_uid & 0x0000ff00UL) >> 8;
    tag_uid[3] = (_uid & 0x000000ffUL);
    printf("Attempting to use specific UID: 0x%2x 0x%2x 0x%2x 0x%2x\n",
           tag_uid[0], tag_uid[1], tag_uid[2], tag_uid[3]);
  } else {
    tag_uid = NULL;
  }

  if (atAction == ACTION_USAGE) {
    print_usage(argv[0]);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  // We don't know yet the card size so let's read only the UID from the keyfile for the moment
  if (bUseKeyFile) {
    FILE *pfKeys = fopen(argv[5], "rb");
    if (pfKeys == NULL) {
      printf("Could not open keys file: %s\n", argv[5]);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    if (fread(&mtKeys, 1, 4, pfKeys) != 4) {
      printf("Could not read UID from key file: %s\n", argv[5]);
      fclose(pfKeys);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    fclose(pfKeys);
  }
  nfc_init(&context);
  if (context == NULL) {
    ERR("Unable to init libnfc (malloc)");
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

// Try to open the NFC reader
  pnd = nfc_open(context, NULL);
  if (pnd == NULL) {
    ERR("Error opening NFC reader");
    nfc_exit(context);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  if (nfc_initiator_init(pnd) < 0) {
    nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_initiator_init");
    nfc_close(pnd);
    nfc_exit(context);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  };

  // Drop the field for a while, so can be reset
  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool(pnd, NP_ACTIVATE_FIELD, true) < 0) {
    nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_device_set_property_bool activate field");
    nfc_close(pnd);
    nfc_exit(context);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

// Let the reader only try once to find a tag
  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool(pnd, NP_INFINITE_SELECT, false) < 0) {
    nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_device_set_property_bool");
    nfc_close(pnd);
    nfc_exit(context);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
// Disable ISO14443-4 switching in order to read devices that emulate Mifare Classic with ISO14443-4 compliance.
  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool(pnd, NP_AUTO_ISO14443_4, false) < 0) {
    nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_device_set_property_bool");
    nfc_close(pnd);
    nfc_exit(context);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  // Configure the CRC and Parity settings
  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool(pnd, NP_HANDLE_CRC, true) < 0) {
    nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_device_set_property_bool crc");
    nfc_close(pnd);
    nfc_exit(context);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool(pnd, NP_HANDLE_PARITY, true) < 0) {
    nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_device_set_property_bool parity");
    nfc_close(pnd);
    nfc_exit(context);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  printf("NFC reader: %s opened\n", nfc_device_get_name(pnd));

// Try to find a MIFARE Classic tag
  int tags;
  tags = nfc_initiator_select_passive_target(pnd, nmMifare, tag_uid, tag_uid == NULL ? 0 : 4, &nt);
  if (tags <= 0) {
    printf("Error: no tag was found\n");
    nfc_close(pnd);
    nfc_exit(context);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
// Test if we are dealing with a MIFARE compatible tag
  if (((nt.nti.nai.btSak & 0x08) == 0) && (nt.nti.nai.btSak != 0x01)) {
//  if ((nt.nti.nai.btSak & 0x08) == 0) {
    printf("Warning: tag is probably not a MFC!\n");
  }

// Get the info from the current tag
  pbtUID = nt.nti.nai.abtUid;

  if (bUseKeyFile) {
    uint8_t fileUid[4];
    memcpy(fileUid, mtKeys.amb[0].mbm.abtUID, 4);
// Compare if key dump UID is the same as the current tag UID, at least for the first 4 bytes
    if (memcmp(pbtUID, fileUid, 4) != 0) {
      printf("Expected MIFARE Classic card with UID starting as: %02x%02x%02x%02x\n",
             fileUid[0], fileUid[1], fileUid[2], fileUid[3]);
      printf("Got card with UID starting as:                     %02x%02x%02x%02x\n",
             pbtUID[0], pbtUID[1], pbtUID[2], pbtUID[3]);
      if (!bForceKeyFile) {
        printf("Aborting!\n");
        nfc_close(pnd);
        nfc_exit(context);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      }
    }
  }
  printf("Found MIFARE Classic card:\n");
  print_nfc_target(&nt, false);

// Guessing size
  if ((nt.nti.nai.abtAtqa[1] & 0x02) == 0x02 || nt.nti.nai.btSak == 0x18)
// 4K
    uiBlocks = 0xff;
  else if (nt.nti.nai.btSak == 0x09)
// 320b
    uiBlocks = 0x13;
  else
// 1K/2K, checked through RATS
    uiBlocks = 0x3f;
// Testing RATS
  int res;
  if ((res = get_rats()) > 0) {
    printf("RATS support: yes\n");
    if ((res >= 10) && (abtRx[5] == 0xc1) && (abtRx[6] == 0x05)
        && (abtRx[7] == 0x2f) && (abtRx[8] == 0x2f)
        && ((nt.nti.nai.abtAtqa[1] & 0x02) == 0x00)) {
      // MIFARE Plus 2K
      uiBlocks = 0x7f;
    }
    // Chinese magic emulation card, ATS=0978009102:dabc1910
    if ((res == 9)  && (abtRx[5] == 0xda) && (abtRx[6] == 0xbc)
        && (abtRx[7] == 0x19) && (abtRx[8] == 0x10)) {
      magic2 = true;
    }
  } else
    printf("RATS support: no\n");
  printf("Guessing size: seems to be a %lu-byte card\n", (unsigned long)((uiBlocks + 1) * sizeof(mifare_classic_block)));

  //If size is 4k check for direct-write card
  if (uiBlocks == 0xff) {
    if (is_directwrite(atAction == ACTION_WRITE)) {
      printf("Card is DirectWrite\n");
      magic3 = true;
    } else {
      printf("Card is not DirectWrite\n");
      // reset after error
      if (nfc_initiator_select_passive_target(pnd, nmMifare, nt.nti.nai.abtUid, nt.nti.nai.szUidLen, NULL) <= 0) {
        ERR("tag was removed");
      }
    }
  }

  //Check to see if we have a One Time Write badge (magic3)
  if (pbtUID[0] == 0xaa && pbtUID[1] == 0x55 &&
      pbtUID[2] == 0xc3 && pbtUID[3] == 0x96) {
    printf("Card appears to be a One Time Write Card..\n");
    magic3 = true;
  }


  if (bUseKeyFile) {
    FILE *pfKeys = fopen(argv[5], "rb");
    if (pfKeys == NULL) {
      printf("Could not open keys file: %s\n", argv[5]);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    if (fread(&mtKeys, 1, (uiBlocks + 1) * sizeof(mifare_classic_block), pfKeys) != (uiBlocks + 1) * sizeof(mifare_classic_block)) {
      printf("Could not read keys file: %s\n", argv[5]);
      fclose(pfKeys);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    fclose(pfKeys);
  }

  if (atAction == ACTION_READ) {
    memset(&mtDump, 0x00, sizeof(mtDump));
  } else {
    FILE *pfDump = fopen(argv[4], "rb");

    if (pfDump == NULL) {
      printf("Could not open dump file: %s\n", argv[4]);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);

    }

    if (fread(&mtDump, 1, (uiBlocks + 1) * sizeof(mifare_classic_block), pfDump) != (uiBlocks + 1) * sizeof(mifare_classic_block)) {
      printf("Could not read dump file: %s\n", argv[4]);
      fclose(pfDump);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    fclose(pfDump);
  }
// printf("Successfully opened required files\n");

  if (atAction == ACTION_READ) {
    if (read_card(unlock)) {
      printf("Writing data to file: %s ...", argv[4]);
      fflush(stdout);
      FILE *pfDump = fopen(argv[4], "wb");
      if (pfDump == NULL) {
        printf("Could not open dump file: %s\n", argv[4]);
        nfc_close(pnd);
        nfc_exit(context);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      }
      if (fwrite(&mtDump, 1, (uiBlocks + 1) * sizeof(mifare_classic_block), pfDump) != ((uiBlocks + 1) * sizeof(mifare_classic_block))) {
        printf("\nCould not write to file: %s\n", argv[4]);
        fclose(pfDump);
        nfc_close(pnd);
        nfc_exit(context);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      }
      printf("Done.\n");
      fclose(pfDump);
    }
  } else if (atAction == ACTION_WRITE) {
    write_card(unlock);
  }

  nfc_close(pnd);
  nfc_exit(context);
  exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}