diff --git a/examples/nfc-dep-target.c b/examples/nfc-dep-target.c
index 1d59910..28a7fd3 100644
--- a/examples/nfc-dep-target.c
+++ b/examples/nfc-dep-target.c
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ main (int argc, const char *argv[])
   print_nfc_target (nt, false);
 
   printf ("Waiting for initiator request...\n");
-  if(!nfc_target_init (pnd, &nt, abtRx, &szRx)) {
+  if(nfc_target_init (pnd, &nt, abtRx, &szRx) < 0) {
     nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_target_init");
     goto error;
   }
diff --git a/examples/nfc-emulate-tag.c b/examples/nfc-emulate-tag.c
index 8a459cc..8ef6db9 100644
--- a/examples/nfc-emulate-tag.c
+++ b/examples/nfc-emulate-tag.c
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ nfc_target_emulate_tag(nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target *pnt)
   uint8_t abtTx[MAX_FRAME_LEN];
   bool loop = true;
 
-  if (!nfc_target_init (pnd, pnt, abtRx, &szRx)) {
+  if (nfc_target_init (pnd, pnt, abtRx, &szRx) < 0) {
     nfc_perror (pnd, "nfc_target_init");
     return false;
   }
diff --git a/examples/nfc-emulate-uid.c b/examples/nfc-emulate-uid.c
index d536339..0835034 100644
--- a/examples/nfc-emulate-uid.c
+++ b/examples/nfc-emulate-uid.c
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ main (int argc, char *argv[])
       },
     },
   };
-  if (!nfc_target_init (pnd, &nt, abtRecv, &szRecvBits)) {
+  if (nfc_target_init (pnd, &nt, abtRecv, &szRecvBits) < 0) {
     nfc_perror (pnd, "nfc_target_init");
     ERR ("Could not come out of auto-emulation, no command was received");
     goto error;
diff --git a/examples/nfc-relay.c b/examples/nfc-relay.c
index b275628..7b3f803 100644
--- a/examples/nfc-relay.c
+++ b/examples/nfc-relay.c
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ main (int argc, char *argv[])
     },
   };
 
-  if (!nfc_target_init (pndTag, &nt, abtReaderRx, &szReaderRxBits)) {
+  if (nfc_target_init (pndTag, &nt, abtReaderRx, &szReaderRxBits) < 0) {
     ERR ("%s", "Initialization of NFC emulator failed");
     nfc_disconnect (pndTag);
     return EXIT_FAILURE;
diff --git a/examples/pn53x-sam.c b/examples/pn53x-sam.c
index 2b19db9..9899d6f 100644
--- a/examples/pn53x-sam.c
+++ b/examples/pn53x-sam.c
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ main (int argc, const char *argv[])
       };
       printf ("Now both, NFC device (configured as target) and SAM are readables from an external NFC initiator.\n");
       printf ("Please note that NFC device (configured as target) stay in target mode until it receive RATS, ATR_REQ or proprietary command.\n");
-      if (!nfc_target_init (pnd, &nt, abtRx, &szRx)) {
+      if (nfc_target_init (pnd, &nt, abtRx, &szRx) < 0) {
         nfc_perror(pnd, "nfc_target_init");
         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
diff --git a/include/nfc/nfc.h b/include/nfc/nfc.h
index 1fb5ca9..4c51604 100644
--- a/include/nfc/nfc.h
+++ b/include/nfc/nfc.h
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ extern  "C" {
   NFC_EXPORT bool nfc_initiator_transceive_bits_timed (nfc_device *pnd, const uint8_t *pbtTx, const size_t szTxBits, const uint8_t *pbtTxPar, uint8_t *pbtRx, size_t *pszRxBits, uint8_t *pbtRxPar, uint32_t *cycles);
 
 /* NFC target: act as tag (i.e. MIFARE Classic) or NFC target device. */
-  NFC_EXPORT bool nfc_target_init (nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target *pnt, uint8_t *pbtRx, size_t *pszRx);
+  NFC_EXPORT int nfc_target_init (nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target *pnt, uint8_t *pbtRx, size_t *pszRx);
   NFC_EXPORT bool nfc_target_send_bytes (nfc_device *pnd, const uint8_t *pbtTx, const size_t szTx, int timeout);
   NFC_EXPORT bool nfc_target_receive_bytes (nfc_device *pnd, uint8_t *pbtRx, size_t *pszRx, int timeout);
   NFC_EXPORT bool nfc_target_send_bits (nfc_device *pnd, const uint8_t *pbtTx, const size_t szTxBits, const uint8_t *pbtTxPar);
diff --git a/libnfc/chips/pn53x.c b/libnfc/chips/pn53x.c
index 34933b0..6c56ec0 100644
--- a/libnfc/chips/pn53x.c
+++ b/libnfc/chips/pn53x.c
@@ -1534,7 +1534,7 @@ pn53x_initiator_deselect_target (struct nfc_device *pnd)
 
 #define SAK_ISO14443_4_COMPLIANT 0x20
 #define SAK_ISO18092_COMPLIANT   0x40
-bool
+int
 pn53x_target_init (struct nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target *pnt, uint8_t *pbtRx, size_t *pszRx)
 {
   pn53x_reset_settings(pnd);
@@ -1548,7 +1548,7 @@ pn53x_target_init (struct nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target *pnt, uint8_t *pbtRx, size
       ptm = PTM_PASSIVE_ONLY;
       if ((pnt->nti.nai.abtUid[0] != 0x08) || (pnt->nti.nai.szUidLen != 4)) {
         pnd->last_error = NFC_EINVARG;
-        return false;
+        return pnd->last_error;
       }
       pn53x_set_parameters (pnd, PARAM_AUTO_ATR_RES, false);
       if (CHIP_DATA(pnd)->type == PN532) { // We have a PN532
@@ -1577,13 +1577,13 @@ pn53x_target_init (struct nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target *pnt, uint8_t *pbtRx, size
     case NMT_ISO14443B2CT:
     case NMT_JEWEL:
       pnd->last_error = NFC_EDEVNOTSUPP;
-      return false;
+      return pnd->last_error;
     break;
   }
 
   // Let the PN53X be activated by the RF level detector from power down mode
   if (!pn53x_write_register (pnd, PN53X_REG_CIU_TxAuto, SYMBOL_INITIAL_RF_ON, 0x04))
-    return false;
+    return NFC_ECHIP;
 
   uint8_t abtMifareParams[6];
   uint8_t *pbtMifareParams = NULL;
@@ -1679,7 +1679,7 @@ pn53x_target_init (struct nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target *pnt, uint8_t *pbtRx, size
     case NMT_ISO14443B2CT:
     case NMT_JEWEL:
       pnd->last_error = NFC_EDEVNOTSUPP;
-      return false;
+      return pnd->last_error;
     break;
   }
 
@@ -1688,7 +1688,7 @@ pn53x_target_init (struct nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target *pnt, uint8_t *pbtRx, size
     uint8_t btActivatedMode;
 
     if(!pn53x_TgInitAsTarget(pnd, ptm, pbtMifareParams, pbtTkt, szTkt, pbtFeliCaParams, pbtNFCID3t, pbtGBt, szGBt, pbtRx, pszRx, &btActivatedMode)) {
-      return false;
+      return NFC_ECHIP;
     }
 
     nfc_modulation nm = {
@@ -1752,7 +1752,7 @@ pn53x_target_init (struct nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target *pnt, uint8_t *pbtRx, size
     }
   }
 
-  return true;
+  return NFC_SUCCESS;
 }
 
 bool
diff --git a/libnfc/chips/pn53x.h b/libnfc/chips/pn53x.h
index 91cb353..f453f9a 100644
--- a/libnfc/chips/pn53x.h
+++ b/libnfc/chips/pn53x.h
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ bool    pn53x_initiator_transceive_bytes_timed (struct nfc_device *pnd, const ui
 bool    pn53x_initiator_deselect_target (struct nfc_device *pnd);
 
 // NFC device as Target functions
-bool    pn53x_target_init (struct nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target *pnt, uint8_t *pbtRx, size_t *pszRx);
+int    pn53x_target_init (struct nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target *pnt, uint8_t *pbtRx, size_t *pszRx);
 bool    pn53x_target_receive_bits (struct nfc_device *pnd, uint8_t *pbtRx, size_t *pszRxBits, uint8_t *pbtRxPar);
 bool    pn53x_target_receive_bytes (struct nfc_device *pnd, uint8_t *pbtRx, size_t *pszRx, int timeout);
 bool    pn53x_target_send_bits (struct nfc_device *pnd, const uint8_t *pbtTx, const size_t szTxBits, const uint8_t *pbtTxPar);
diff --git a/libnfc/nfc-emulation.c b/libnfc/nfc-emulation.c
index c8a7af9..592c555 100644
--- a/libnfc/nfc-emulation.c
+++ b/libnfc/nfc-emulation.c
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ nfc_emulate_target (nfc_device *pnd, struct nfc_emulator *emulator)
   uint8_t abtTx[ISO7816_SHORT_C_APDU_MAX_LEN];
   int res = 0;
 
-  if (!nfc_target_init (pnd, emulator->target, abtRx, &szRx)) {
+  if (nfc_target_init (pnd, emulator->target, abtRx, &szRx) < 0) {
     return -1;
   }
 
diff --git a/libnfc/nfc-internal.h b/libnfc/nfc-internal.h
index 7a5320d..f5d054b 100644
--- a/libnfc/nfc-internal.h
+++ b/libnfc/nfc-internal.h
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ struct nfc_driver_t {
   bool (*initiator_transceive_bytes_timed) (struct nfc_device *pnd, const uint8_t * pbtTx, const size_t szTx, uint8_t * pbtRx, size_t * pszRx, uint32_t * cycles);
   bool (*initiator_transceive_bits_timed) (struct nfc_device *pnd, const uint8_t * pbtTx, const size_t szTxBits, const uint8_t * pbtTxPar, uint8_t * pbtRx, size_t * pszRxBits, uint8_t * pbtRxPar, uint32_t * cycles);
 
-  bool (*target_init) (struct nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target * pnt, uint8_t * pbtRx, size_t * pszRx);
+  int (*target_init) (struct nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target * pnt, uint8_t * pbtRx, size_t * pszRx);
   bool (*target_send_bytes) (struct nfc_device *pnd, const uint8_t * pbtTx, const size_t szTx, int timeout);
   bool (*target_receive_bytes) (struct nfc_device *pnd, uint8_t * pbtRx, size_t * pszRx, int timeout);
   bool (*target_send_bits) (struct nfc_device *pnd, const uint8_t * pbtTx, const size_t szTxBits, const uint8_t * pbtTxPar);
diff --git a/libnfc/nfc.c b/libnfc/nfc.c
index 6c5e0fc..b92735b 100644
--- a/libnfc/nfc.c
+++ b/libnfc/nfc.c
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ nfc_initiator_transceive_bits_timed (nfc_device *pnd, const uint8_t *pbtTx, cons
 
 /**
  * @brief Initialize NFC device as an emulated tag
- * @return Returns \c true if action was successfully performed; otherwise returns \c false.
+ * @return Returns 0 on success, otherwise returns libnfc's error code
  *
  * @param pnd \a nfc_device struct pointer that represent currently used device
  * @param ntm target mode restriction that you want to emulate (eg. NTM_PASSIVE_ONLY)
@@ -629,31 +629,32 @@ nfc_initiator_transceive_bits_timed (nfc_device *pnd, const uint8_t *pbtTx, cons
  * example would wake up the emulator. After this is received, the send and
  * receive functions can be used.
  */
-bool
+int
 nfc_target_init (nfc_device *pnd, nfc_target *pnt, uint8_t *pbtRx, size_t * pszRx)
 {
+  int res = 0;
   // Disallow invalid frame
-  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_ACCEPT_INVALID_FRAMES, false) < 0)
+  if ((res = nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_ACCEPT_INVALID_FRAMES, false)) < 0)
     return false;
   // Disallow multiple frames
-  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_ACCEPT_MULTIPLE_FRAMES, false) < 0)
+  if ((res = nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_ACCEPT_MULTIPLE_FRAMES, false)) < 0)
     return false;
   // Make sure we reset the CRC and parity to chip handling.
-  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_HANDLE_CRC, true) < 0)
+  if ((res = nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_HANDLE_CRC, true)) < 0)
     return false;
-  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_HANDLE_PARITY, true) < 0)
+  if ((res = nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_HANDLE_PARITY, true)) < 0)
     return false;
   // Activate auto ISO14443-4 switching by default
-  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_AUTO_ISO14443_4, true) < 0)
+  if ((res = nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_AUTO_ISO14443_4, true)) < 0)
     return false;
   // Activate "easy framing" feature by default
-  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_EASY_FRAMING, true) < 0)
+  if ((res = nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_EASY_FRAMING, true)) < 0)
     return false;
   // Deactivate the CRYPTO1 cipher, it may could cause problems when still active
-  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_ACTIVATE_CRYPTO1, false) < 0)
+  if ((res = nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_ACTIVATE_CRYPTO1, false)) < 0)
     return false;
   // Drop explicitely the field
-  if (nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_ACTIVATE_FIELD, false) < 0)
+  if ((res = nfc_device_set_property_bool (pnd, NP_ACTIVATE_FIELD, false)) < 0)
     return false;
 
   HAL (target_init, pnd, pnt, pbtRx, pszRx);
diff --git a/test/test_dep_active.c b/test/test_dep_active.c
index b9101e8..a80eefa 100644
--- a/test/test_dep_active.c
+++ b/test/test_dep_active.c
@@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ target_thread (void *arg)
 
   uint8_t abtRx[1024];
   size_t szRx = sizeof (abtRx);
-  bool res = nfc_target_init (device, &nt, abtRx, &szRx);
-  cut_assert_true (res, cut_message ("Can't initialize NFC device as target: %s", nfc_strerror (device)));
-  if (!res) { thread_res = -1; return (void*) thread_res; }
+  int ires = nfc_target_init (device, &nt, abtRx, &szRx);
+  cut_assert_equal_int (0, ires, cut_message ("Can't initialize NFC device as target: %s", nfc_strerror (device)));
+  if (ires < 0) { thread_res = -1; return (void*) thread_res; }
 
-  res = nfc_target_receive_bytes (device, abtRx, &szRx, 500);
+  bool res = nfc_target_receive_bytes (device, abtRx, &szRx, 500);
   cut_assert_true (res, cut_message ("Can't receive bytes from initiator: %s", nfc_strerror (device)));
 
   const uint8_t abtAttRx[] = "Hello DEP target!";
diff --git a/test/test_dep_passive.c b/test/test_dep_passive.c
index a071517..cc80ece 100644
--- a/test/test_dep_passive.c
+++ b/test/test_dep_passive.c
@@ -82,13 +82,12 @@ target_thread (void *arg)
 
   uint8_t abtRx[1024];
   size_t szRx = sizeof (abtRx);
-  bool res = nfc_target_init (device, &nt, abtRx, &szRx);
-  cut_assert_true (res, cut_message ("Can't initialize NFC device as target: %s", nfc_strerror (device)));
-
-  if (!res) { thread_res = -1; return (void*) thread_res; }
+  int ires = nfc_target_init (device, &nt, abtRx, &szRx);
+  cut_assert_equal_int (0, ires, cut_message ("Can't initialize NFC device as target: %s", nfc_strerror (device)));
+  if (ires < 0) { thread_res = -1; return (void*) thread_res; }
 
   // First pass
-  res = nfc_target_receive_bytes (device, abtRx, &szRx, 500);
+  bool res = nfc_target_receive_bytes (device, abtRx, &szRx, 500);
   cut_assert_true (res, cut_message ("Can't receive bytes from initiator: %s", nfc_strerror (device)));
 
   const uint8_t abtAttRx[] = "Hello DEP target!";
diff --git a/utils/nfc-relay-picc.c b/utils/nfc-relay-picc.c
index 06c0433..c150825 100644
--- a/utils/nfc-relay-picc.c
+++ b/utils/nfc-relay-picc.c
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ main (int argc, char *argv[])
 
     printf ("Connected to the NFC emulator device: %s\n", nfc_device_get_name (pndTarget));
 
-    if (!nfc_target_init (pndTarget, &ntEmulatedTarget, abtCapdu, &szCapduLen)) {
+    if (nfc_target_init (pndTarget, &ntEmulatedTarget, abtCapdu, &szCapduLen) < 0) {
       ERR ("%s", "Initialization of NFC emulator failed");
       if (!target_only_mode) {
         nfc_disconnect (pndInitiator);